LIBRARY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PUBLICATIONSThe Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation® is a global focal point for the worldwide study of Asian elephant behavior and reproduction. While not open to the public, the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation coordinates visits by researchers, academicians and conservationists, and shares knowledge gained with the rest of the scientific community.Below are scientific papers and publications which Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey® has been involved by either elephant or veterinary participation (in bold) or both from as early as 1921.
Benedict, F. G. (1936). The Physiology of the Elephant. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. Benedict, F.G., and Lee, R.C. (1938). Further observations on the physiology of the elephant. Journal of mammology 19: 175-194. Brown, J.L., Goeritz, F., Pratt-Hawkes, N., Hermes, R., Galloway, M., Graham, L.H., Gray, C., Walker, S.L., Gomez, A., Moreland, R., Murray, S., Schmitt, D.L., Howard, J., Lehnhardt, J., Beck, B., Bellem, A., Montali, R.J., and Hildebrandt, T.B. (2004). Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park. Zoo biology 23: 45-63. Brown, J. L., Schmitt, D.L., Bellem, A., Graham, L.H., & Lehnhardt, J. (1999). Hormone secretion in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): Characterization of ovulatory and anovulatory luteinizing hormone surges. Biology of reproduction, 61, 1294-1299. Carden, M., Schmitt, D. L., Tomasi, T., Bradford, J., Moll, D., & Brown, J. L. (1998). Utility of serum progesterone and prolactin analysis for assessing reproductive status in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Animal reproduction science, 53, 133-142. Clark, H. W., Laughlin, D. C., & Brown, T. M. (1981). Rheumatoid arthritis in elephants --a review to date, Seattle, WA. Dahl, N. J., Olson, D., Schmitt, D. L., Blasko, D. R., Kristipati, R., & Roser, J. F. (2004). Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) in the elephant (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus). Zoo biology, 23, 65-78. de Oliveira, C., A., West, G. D., Houck, R. I., & Leblanc, M. (2004). Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 35(1), 70-76. Duer, C., Carden, M., Schmitt, D. L., & Tomasi, T. (2002). Utility of maternal serum total testosterone analysis for fetal gender determination in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Animal reproduction science, 69, 47-52. Dumonceaux, G., Isaza, R., Koch, D.E., and Hunter, R.P. (2005). Pharmacokinetics and i.m. bioavailability of ceftiofur in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 28: 441-446. Fleming, G. J., & Isaza, R. (2000). Thermography evaluation of trunk paralysis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) using digital thermography. Proceedings of the AAZV and IAAAM joint conference, 502-503. Forbes, A., Cobb, S., & Cattell, M. (1921). An electrocardiogram and an electromyogram in an elephant. The American journal of physiology, 55(3), 385-389. Gage, L.J., and Schmitt, D.L. (2003). Dystocia in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 88. Geddes, L.H. (2002). Electrocardiograms from the turtle to the elephant that illustrate interesting physiological phenomena. Journal of pacing and clinical electrophysiology 25. Greenwald, R., Lyashchenko, O., Esfandiari, J., Miller, M., Mikota, S., Olsen, J.H., Ball, R., Dumoncceaux, G., Schmitt, D.L., Moller, T., Payeur, J.B., Harris, B., Sofranko, D., Waters, W.R., and Lyashchenko, K.P. (2009) Highly Accurate Antibody Assays for Early and Rapid Detection of Tuberculosis in African and Asian Elephants. Clinical and vaccine immunology, May 2009, p. 605-612. Harr, K., Isaza, R., & Harvey, J. (2001). Clinicopathologic findings in Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive elephants (Elephas maximus) in comparison to clinically normal elephants. Proceedings of the AAZV, AAWV, ARAV, NAZWV, 209-211. Hermes, R., Olson,D., Goeritz, F., Brown, J.L., Schmitt, D.L., Hagan, D., Peterson, J.S., Fritsch, G., and Hildebrandt. T.B. (2000). Ultrasonography of the estrous cycle in female African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo biology 19: 369-382. Hildebrandt, T.B., Goeritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Schmitt, D.L., Quandt, S., Raath, J., and Hofmann, R.R. (1998). Reproductive assessment of male elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus by ultrasonography. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29: 114-128. Hildebrandt, T.B., Goeritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Montali, R.J., Schmitt, D.L., Fritsch, G. and Hermes, R. (2000). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo biology 19: 321-332.
Benedict, F. G. (1936). The Physiology of the Elephant. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution.
Benedict, F.G., and Lee, R.C. (1938). Further observations on the physiology of the elephant. Journal of mammology 19: 175-194. Brown, J.L., Goeritz, F., Pratt-Hawkes, N., Hermes, R., Galloway, M., Graham, L.H., Gray, C., Walker, S.L., Gomez, A., Moreland, R., Murray, S., Schmitt, D.L., Howard, J., Lehnhardt, J., Beck, B., Bellem, A., Montali, R.J., and Hildebrandt, T.B. (2004). Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park. Zoo biology 23: 45-63.
Brown, J. L., Schmitt, D.L., Bellem, A., Graham, L.H., & Lehnhardt, J. (1999). Hormone secretion in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): Characterization of ovulatory and anovulatory luteinizing hormone surges. Biology of reproduction, 61, 1294-1299.
Carden, M., Schmitt, D. L., Tomasi, T., Bradford, J., Moll, D., & Brown, J. L. (1998). Utility of serum progesterone and prolactin analysis for assessing reproductive status in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Animal reproduction science, 53, 133-142.
Clark, H. W., Laughlin, D. C., & Brown, T. M. (1981). Rheumatoid arthritis in elephants --a review to date, Seattle, WA.
Dahl, N. J., Olson, D., Schmitt, D. L., Blasko, D. R., Kristipati, R., & Roser, J. F. (2004). Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) in the elephant (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus). Zoo biology, 23, 65-78.
de Oliveira, C., A., West, G. D., Houck, R. I., & Leblanc, M. (2004). Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 35(1), 70-76.
Duer, C., Carden, M., Schmitt, D. L., & Tomasi, T. (2002). Utility of maternal serum total testosterone analysis for fetal gender determination in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Animal reproduction science, 69, 47-52.
Dumonceaux, G., Isaza, R., Koch, D.E., and Hunter, R.P. (2005). Pharmacokinetics and i.m. bioavailability of ceftiofur in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 28: 441-446.
Fleming, G. J., & Isaza, R. (2000). Thermography evaluation of trunk paralysis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) using digital thermography. Proceedings of the AAZV and IAAAM joint conference, 502-503.
Forbes, A., Cobb, S., & Cattell, M. (1921). An electrocardiogram and an electromyogram in an elephant. The American journal of physiology, 55(3), 385-389.
Gage, L.J., and Schmitt, D.L. (2003). Dystocia in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 88.
Geddes, L.H. (2002). Electrocardiograms from the turtle to the elephant that illustrate interesting physiological phenomena. Journal of pacing and clinical electrophysiology 25.
Greenwald, R., Lyashchenko, O., Esfandiari, J., Miller, M., Mikota, S., Olsen, J.H., Ball, R., Dumoncceaux, G., Schmitt, D.L., Moller, T., Payeur, J.B., Harris, B., Sofranko, D., Waters, W.R., and Lyashchenko, K.P. (2009) Highly Accurate Antibody Assays for Early and Rapid Detection of Tuberculosis in African and Asian Elephants. Clinical and vaccine immunology, May 2009, p. 605-612.
Harr, K., Isaza, R., & Harvey, J. (2001). Clinicopathologic findings in Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive elephants (Elephas maximus) in comparison to clinically normal elephants. Proceedings of the AAZV, AAWV, ARAV, NAZWV, 209-211.
Hermes, R., Olson,D., Goeritz, F., Brown, J.L., Schmitt, D.L., Hagan, D., Peterson, J.S., Fritsch, G., and Hildebrandt. T.B. (2000). Ultrasonography of the estrous cycle in female African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo biology 19: 369-382.
Hildebrandt, T.B., Goeritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Schmitt, D.L., Quandt, S., Raath, J., and Hofmann, R.R. (1998). Reproductive assessment of male elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus by ultrasonography. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29: 114-128.
Hildebrandt, T.B., Goeritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Montali, R.J., Schmitt, D.L., Fritsch, G. and Hermes, R. (2000). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo biology 19: 321-332.
Hildebrandt, T.B., Hermes, R., Pratt, N.C., Fritsch, G., Blottner,S., Schmitt, D.L., Ratanakorn, P., Brown, J.L., Rietschel, W., and Goeritz, F. (2000). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing male reproductive function. Zoo biology 19. Hildebrandt, T.B., Drews, B., Gaeth, A.P., Goeritz, F., Hermes, R., Schmitt, D.L., Gray, C., Rich, P., Streich, W.J., Short, R.V., and Renfree, M.B. 2007. Foetal age determination and development in elephants. Proceedings in biology and science 274: 323-331. Houck, R. I. Veterinary care of the Asian elephant. Regional workshop on Asian elephant health care, 23-28. Hunter, R. P., Isaza, R. & Koch, D. E. (2003). Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of ketoprofen enantiomers after oral and intravenous administration in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Am J Vet Res 64(1):109-114. Isaza, R., Behnke, B. J., Bailey, J. K., McDonough, P., Gonzalez, N. C., & Poole, D. C. (2003). Arterial blood gas control in the upright versus recumbent Asian elephant. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology, 134(2), 169-176. Isaza, R., Davis, R.D., Moore, S.M., and Briggs, D.J. (2006). Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine. American journal of veterinary research 67: 1934-1936. Lange, A., Hildebrandt, T.B., Strauss, G., Czupalla, O., Goeritz, F., Schaftenaar, W., and Schmitt, D.L. (1999). Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Geburtshilfe bei Elefanten [Feasibilities and limits of obstetrics in elephants]. Verhandlung ber erkrankungen zootiere 39: 47-57. Larsen, R. S., Salman, S. K., Mikota, S. K., Isaza, R., Montali, R. J., & Triantis, J. (2000). Evaluation of a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in captive elephants. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(3), 291-302. Lei, R., Brenneman, R.A., Schmitt, D.L., and Louis, E.E. (2009). Detection of Cytonuclear Genomic Dissociation in North American Captive African Elephant Collection. Journal of Heredity Advance Access. Lewis, J.H. (1974). Comparative hematology on elephants, Elephas maximus. Comparative biochemistry and physiology A: comparative physiology. 49: 175-181. Maslow J.N., Mikota S.K., Zhu M., Isaza R., Peddie L.R., Dunker F., Peddie J., Riddle H., Peloquin CA. (2005). Population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Asian and African elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana). J. Vet Pharmacol Ther 28(1):21-27.
Hildebrandt, T.B., Hermes, R., Pratt, N.C., Fritsch, G., Blottner,S., Schmitt, D.L., Ratanakorn, P., Brown, J.L., Rietschel, W., and Goeritz, F. (2000). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing male reproductive function. Zoo biology 19.
Hildebrandt, T.B., Drews, B., Gaeth, A.P., Goeritz, F., Hermes, R., Schmitt, D.L., Gray, C., Rich, P., Streich, W.J., Short, R.V., and Renfree, M.B. 2007. Foetal age determination and development in elephants. Proceedings in biology and science 274: 323-331.
Houck, R. I. Veterinary care of the Asian elephant. Regional workshop on Asian elephant health care, 23-28.
Hunter, R. P., Isaza, R. & Koch, D. E. (2003). Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of ketoprofen enantiomers after oral and intravenous administration in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Am J Vet Res 64(1):109-114.
Isaza, R., Behnke, B. J., Bailey, J. K., McDonough, P., Gonzalez, N. C., & Poole, D. C. (2003). Arterial blood gas control in the upright versus recumbent Asian elephant. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology, 134(2), 169-176.
Isaza, R., Davis, R.D., Moore, S.M., and Briggs, D.J. (2006). Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine. American journal of veterinary research 67: 1934-1936.
Lange, A., Hildebrandt, T.B., Strauss, G., Czupalla, O., Goeritz, F., Schaftenaar, W., and Schmitt, D.L. (1999). Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Geburtshilfe bei Elefanten [Feasibilities and limits of obstetrics in elephants]. Verhandlung ber erkrankungen zootiere 39: 47-57.
Larsen, R. S., Salman, S. K., Mikota, S. K., Isaza, R., Montali, R. J., & Triantis, J. (2000). Evaluation of a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in captive elephants. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(3), 291-302.
Lei, R., Brenneman, R.A., Schmitt, D.L., and Louis, E.E. (2009). Detection of Cytonuclear Genomic Dissociation in North American Captive African Elephant Collection. Journal of Heredity Advance Access.
Lewis, J.H. (1974). Comparative hematology on elephants, Elephas maximus. Comparative biochemistry and physiology A: comparative physiology. 49: 175-181.
Maslow J.N., Mikota S.K., Zhu M., Isaza R., Peddie L.R., Dunker F., Peddie J., Riddle H., Peloquin CA. (2005). Population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Asian and African elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana). J. Vet Pharmacol Ther 28(1):21-27.
Mikota, S. K., Peddie, L., Peddie, J., Isaza, R., Dunker, F., West, G., et al. (2001). Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 32(1), 1-16. Oliveira, C.A., Felippe, E.C.G., Chelini, M.O.M., et.al. (2007). Serum cortisol and progestin concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant Asian elephants (Elephas maximus ). Res. Vet. Sci.(2007), doi:10.1016/j.rvsc 2007.05.009 Peloquin, C.A., Maslow, J.N., Mikota, S.K., Forrest, A., Dunker, F., Isaza, R., Peddie, L.F., Peddie, J. and Zhu, M. (2006). Dose selection and pharmacokinetics of rifampin in elephants for the treatment of tuberculosis. Journal of veterinary pharmacologics and therapeutics 29: 581-585. Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Gardner, J.M., Kennedy, M.A., Lehnhardt, J., Hildebrandt, T.B., Schmitt, D.L., Hardy, D., Alcendor, D.J., and Hayward, G.S. (1999). Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants. Science 283: 1171-1176. Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Cambre, R.C., Schmitt, D.L., Hardy, D., Hildebrandt, T.B., Begis, R.G., Hamzeh, F.M., Shahkolahi, A., and Hayward, G.S. (2000). Clinical and pathological findings of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses. Journal of wildlife diseases 36: 1-12. Sanchez, C.R., Murray, S.Z., Isaza, R., and Papich, M.G. (2005). Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin administered orally to captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). American journal of veterinary research 66: 1948-1953. Schaftenaar, W., Hildebrandt, T.B., Flugger, M., Goeritz, F., Schmitt, D.L., and West, G. (2001). Guidelines for veterinary assistance during the reproductive process in female elephants. In: Joint conference of the ZZAV, AAWV, ARAV, and NAZWV. 348-355. Schmitt, D.L., Bradford, J.P., and Hardy, D.A. (1996). Azaperone for standing sedation in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 48-51. Schmitt, D.L., Bradford, J.P., and Hardy, D.A. (1996). Foot care in Asian elephants using a rotating elephant restraint device. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 52-53. Schmitt, D.L., and Hildebrandt, T.B. (1998). Manual collection and characterization of semen from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Animal reproduction science 53: 309-314. Schmitt D.L., Reproductive System. In: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. Blackwell Publishing. ( As of 2/08 in press). Schmitt D.L., Under the Big Top. Why elephants belong in circuses. In: Ethics of Elephants in Captivity. C. Cristen ed. John Hopkins University Publishing. (2008) Schmitt, D.L., Ultrasonography of ElephantsIn: Health Care, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Editor. Dharmeswar Das. Published by College of Veterinary Medicine, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India (2003) Schmitt, D.L., Probisdidea (Elephants) In: Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5th edition. Fowler and Miller. Saunders publishing, St. Louis, Missouri. Chapter 53: 541-549. (2003) Schmitt, D. L., et al. (2000). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo biology, 19, 321-332. Schmitt, D. L., Hardy, D. A., Montali, R. J., Richman, L. K., Lindsay, W. A., Isaza, R., et al. (2000). Use of famciclovir for the treatment of endotheliotrophic herpesvirus infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(4), 518-522. Tripp, K. M., Verstegen, J. P., Deutsch, C. J., Bonde, R. K., Rodriguez, M., Morales, B., Schmitt, D. L., Harr, K. E. (2008).Validation of a serum immunoassay to measure progesterone and diagnose pregnancy in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Theriogenology 70(7):1030-1040 White, P. D., Jenks, J. L., & Benedict, F. G. (1938). The electrocardiogram of the elephant. The American heart journal, 16(6), 744-750. Wiedner, E.B., Isaza, R., Lindsay, W.A., Case, A.L., Decker, J., and Roberts, J. (2008). Pericardial mesothelioma in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. Wiedner, E.B., Gray, C., Rich, P., Jacobson, G.L., Isaza, R., Schmitt, D.L., and Lindsay, W.A. (2008). Non-surgical repair of an umbilical hernia in two Asian elephant calves (Elephas maximus). J. Zoo and Wildlife Med. Wiedner, E.B., Isaza, R., Galle, L.E., Barrie, K., and Lindsay, W.A. (2006). Medical management of a corneal stromal abscess in a female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37: 397-400. Zhu, M., Maslow, J.N., Mikota, S.K., Isaza, R., Dunker, F., Riddle, H., and Peloquin, C.A. (2005). Population pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide in elephants. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 28: 403-409.
Mikota, S. K., Peddie, L., Peddie, J., Isaza, R., Dunker, F., West, G., et al. (2001). Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 32(1), 1-16.
Oliveira, C.A., Felippe, E.C.G., Chelini, M.O.M., et.al. (2007). Serum cortisol and progestin concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant Asian elephants (Elephas maximus ). Res. Vet. Sci.(2007), doi:10.1016/j.rvsc 2007.05.009
Peloquin, C.A., Maslow, J.N., Mikota, S.K., Forrest, A., Dunker, F., Isaza, R., Peddie, L.F., Peddie, J. and Zhu, M. (2006). Dose selection and pharmacokinetics of rifampin in elephants for the treatment of tuberculosis. Journal of veterinary pharmacologics and therapeutics 29: 581-585.
Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Gardner, J.M., Kennedy, M.A., Lehnhardt, J., Hildebrandt, T.B., Schmitt, D.L., Hardy, D., Alcendor, D.J., and Hayward, G.S. (1999). Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants. Science 283: 1171-1176.
Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Cambre, R.C., Schmitt, D.L., Hardy, D., Hildebrandt, T.B., Begis, R.G., Hamzeh, F.M., Shahkolahi, A., and Hayward, G.S. (2000). Clinical and pathological findings of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses. Journal of wildlife diseases 36: 1-12.
Sanchez, C.R., Murray, S.Z., Isaza, R., and Papich, M.G. (2005). Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin administered orally to captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). American journal of veterinary research 66: 1948-1953.
Schaftenaar, W., Hildebrandt, T.B., Flugger, M., Goeritz, F., Schmitt, D.L., and West, G. (2001). Guidelines for veterinary assistance during the reproductive process in female elephants. In: Joint conference of the ZZAV, AAWV, ARAV, and NAZWV. 348-355.
Schmitt, D.L., Bradford, J.P., and Hardy, D.A. (1996). Azaperone for standing sedation in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 48-51.
Schmitt, D.L., Bradford, J.P., and Hardy, D.A. (1996). Foot care in Asian elephants using a rotating elephant restraint device. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 52-53.
Schmitt, D.L., and Hildebrandt, T.B. (1998). Manual collection and characterization of semen from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Animal reproduction science 53: 309-314.
Schmitt D.L., Reproductive System. In: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. Blackwell Publishing. ( As of 2/08 in press).
Schmitt D.L., Under the Big Top. Why elephants belong in circuses. In: Ethics of Elephants in Captivity. C. Cristen ed. John Hopkins University Publishing. (2008)
Schmitt, D.L., Ultrasonography of ElephantsIn: Health Care, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Editor. Dharmeswar Das. Published by College of Veterinary Medicine, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India (2003)
Schmitt, D.L., Probisdidea (Elephants) In: Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5th edition. Fowler and Miller. Saunders publishing, St. Louis, Missouri. Chapter 53: 541-549. (2003)
Schmitt, D. L., et al. (2000). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo biology, 19, 321-332.
Schmitt, D. L., Hardy, D. A., Montali, R. J., Richman, L. K., Lindsay, W. A., Isaza, R., et al. (2000). Use of famciclovir for the treatment of endotheliotrophic herpesvirus infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(4), 518-522.
Tripp, K. M., Verstegen, J. P., Deutsch, C. J., Bonde, R. K., Rodriguez, M., Morales, B., Schmitt, D. L., Harr, K. E. (2008).Validation of a serum immunoassay to measure progesterone and diagnose pregnancy in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Theriogenology 70(7):1030-1040
White, P. D., Jenks, J. L., & Benedict, F. G. (1938). The electrocardiogram of the elephant. The American heart journal, 16(6), 744-750.
Wiedner, E.B., Isaza, R., Lindsay, W.A., Case, A.L., Decker, J., and Roberts, J. (2008). Pericardial mesothelioma in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.
Wiedner, E.B., Gray, C., Rich, P., Jacobson, G.L., Isaza, R., Schmitt, D.L., and Lindsay, W.A. (2008). Non-surgical repair of an umbilical hernia in two Asian elephant calves (Elephas maximus). J. Zoo and Wildlife Med.
Wiedner, E.B., Isaza, R., Galle, L.E., Barrie, K., and Lindsay, W.A. (2006). Medical management of a corneal stromal abscess in a female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37: 397-400.
Zhu, M., Maslow, J.N., Mikota, S.K., Isaza, R., Dunker, F., Riddle, H., and Peloquin, C.A. (2005). Population pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide in elephants. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 28: 403-409.
As a founding member of the International Elephant Foundation, Ringling Bros. helps sponsor efforts to provide emergency veterinary care, supplies, research scholarships and grants to elephant researchers and trainers around the world.
Click here to learn more or donate to the IEF.
Animal protectionists are working hard in Southeast Asia to protect the Asian elephants’ dwindling natural habitats and prevent the ever-growing conflicts between elephants and humans as they compete for space and resources. The problem may seem far away, but there are steps you can take to help the Asian elephant survive into the next century and beyond.
To learn more, click here.